Indicator organisms

Are those organisms (specie) which are very sensitive to changes in the environment, and whose presence or absence may be indicative of environmental conditions in a particular area or habitat.However, species composition and relative abundance of individual components of the population or community are usually considered to be a more reliable index of water quality.Example: presence of E.coli in polluted water.How indicators are used:The variety and often low concentrations of pathogens in environmental waters makes them difficult to test for...

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Environmental Law in Pakistan by Gomal Amin

Introduction  In many countries, environmental laws are weak or are not enforced. Government agencies make decisions about the environment without giving citizens an opportunity to participate in those decisions which results in failure of the law. In Pakistan environmental laws are prepared and are amended in many governments but still there are flaws and are not implemented. Institutions related to environment are important for the management of natural, human resources and implementation of environmental laws. Unfortunately, it is...

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Environmental Studies- PDF BOOK

All Rights Reserved to: ANIL K UMAR DE ARNAB KUMAR DE Download the book from this Link., (Simply follow the link and download boo...

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Current scenario of world’s air pollution

By: Gomal Amin  Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Household combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires are common sources of air pollution. Pollutants of major public health concern include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Air...

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"Keep Hunza Clean" to keeping Hunza clean- Role of KADO-HEC in solid waste management of Hunza valley

Dumping site at Hassanabad,Hunza Solid waste management is a big concern for the developing countries; this is due to the lack of awareness and absence of municipalities. The dilemma of solid waste disposal and management in Gilgit-Baltistan is being tackled by City Administrations, municipal committee and KADO-HEC (only in Hunza). Typically, solid waste management (SWM) comes under the preview of Municipal Services and most of the municipality as...

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Atomic emission and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Applications and differences- By Gomal Amin

Atomic absorption spectroscopy Applications ·         Atomic absorption is widely used for the analysis of trace metals in a variety of sample matrices. ·         It is used to determine the metal concentration in water and wastewater, air, blood, urine, muscle tissue, hair, milk, breakfast cereals, shampoos, alloys, industrial plating baths, gasoline, oil, sediments,...

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Oil and Gas Resources of Pakistan

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